001 | q [2(2)(1)], a [2(2)(3)], aa [2(2)(4)] |
007 | i [1(1)(1)], ii [1(1)(1)], u [3(3)(1)], uu [3(3)(1)] |
011 | ₒ [2(4)(-1)], [2(4)(2)], l [2(9)(2)], [2(11)(2)] |
081 | m₀m₀ [2(12)(2)], n₀n₀ [2(13)(2)] |
q | English about [qbaauₒ]. |
i | English hit [hiₒ]. |
| English heat [hₒ]. |
u | English pull [pₒul]. |
| English pool [pₒl]. |
ₒ | Tamil பழம் (pazham) [paoam], (“fruit”). |
| American English purchase [pₒqchₒƐs]. |
l | American English able [Ɛbl]. |
| Irish gall [gaa], (“stranger”). |
m₀m₀ | South African name Mbeki [M₀m₀bƐkii] |
n₀n₀ | East African name Nkomo [N₀n₀komo] |
20 | Ɛ [1(1)(2)], ƐƐ [1(1)(2)], e [1(1)(3)], ee [1(1)(3)], Ɔ [1(1)(4)], ƆƆ [1(1)(4)] |
26 | y [3(1)(1)], yy [3(1)(1)], o/ [3(1)(2)], o// [3(1)(3)] |
30 | o [3(3)(3)], oo [3(3)(3)], [3(3)(4)], [3(3)(4)] |
Ɛ | English clay [klƐ]. |
ƐƐ | French des [ₒƐƐ], (“of”). |
e | English bet [beₒ]. |
ee | English fair [fee, feer]. |
Ɔ | English hat [hƆₒ]. |
ƆƆ | English man [mƆƆn]. |
y | French tu [ₒy], (“you”, singular). |
yy | German üblich [yyblix], (“customary”). |
o/ | French peu [po/], (“little”). |
o// | French peur [po//], (“fear”). |
o | Spanish doble [doblƐ], (“double”). |
oo | English door [ₒoo, ₒoor]. |
| English talk [ₒko]. |
| English ball [bl]. |
034 | [1-1], h [6-1], h.. [6-2] |
: | Arabic sa‘ala [sa:ala], (“asked”). Hawaiian name, Hawai ‘ I [Hawaai:i] |
h | English hit [hiₒ]. |
h.. | Arabic hurub [h..urub], (“war”). |
037 | k.. [1-3], k..hₒ [2-3], g.. [3-3], n.. [5-3], x.. [6-3], .. [7-3] |
k.. | Arabic qalb [k..alb], (“heart”). |
k..hₒ | Arabic xilaaf [k..hₒilƆf], (“against”). |
g.. | Arabic ghaban [g..aban], (“bankruptcy”). |
n.. | Japanese ban [baan..], (“turn”). |
x.. | German doch [ₒox..], (“but yes”). |
.. | Parisian French rouler [..ulƐ], (“to roll”). |
043 | k [1-4], khₒ [2-4], g [3-4], ghₒ [4-4], nₒ [5-4], x [6-4], [7-4] |
k | English sky [skaaƐ] |
kh₀ | English kitten [kh₀itn], Hindi/Urdu kholnaa (“to open”) [kh₀olnaa] |
g | English good [guₒ] |
ghₒ | Hindi/Urdu ghanaa [ghₒanaa], (“deep, dense”). |
n₀ | English king [ki₀g] |
x | Irish chaol [xeol], (“thin”). |
| Faarsi gham [am], (“sadness”). |
050 | [1-5], h₀ [2-5], [3-5], [4-5], [5-5], h₀ [6-5], h₀ [7-5], . [8-5], hₒ [9-5], . [10-5] |
| Hindi/Urdu toota [uuaa], (“broken”). |
| Hindi/Urdu theek [iik], (“OK, all right”). |
| Hindi/Urdu daak [aak], (“mail”). |
| Hindi/Urdu dheela [iilaa], (“loose”). |
| Hindi/Urdu ganatantra [gaatantra], (“democracy, people’s rule”). |
h₀ | Hindi/Urdu irshya [iirh₀jaa], (“jealousy”). |
. | Hindi/Urdu kadak [ka.ak], (“hard, tough, stiff”). |
hₒ. | Hind/Urdu padhnaa [pahₒ.naa], (“to study”). |
. | Panjabi lena [lƐ.aa], (“to take”). |
063 | [1-6], [3-6], [5-6], [6-6] |
| Turkish car [ar], (“advantage, profit”). |
| Turkish jem [Ɛm], (“horse bit”). |
| Irish ngiall [ jaal], (“hostage”). |
| Hungarian narancssarga [naranaargaa], (“orange color”). |
068 | c [1-7], chₒ [2-7], [3-7], [4-7], [5-7], sh₀ [6-7], zh₀ [7-7] |
075 | j [28-7] |
c | Italian ciao [caao], (“bye”). |
chₒ | Hindi/Urdu chhed [chₒƐd], “hole”. |
| English joke [ouk]. |
| Hindi/Urdu jhoola [uulaa], (“swing”). |
| English inch [ic] |
sh₀ | English shoot [sh₀uuₒ] |
zh₀ | English pleasure [pₒlezh₀qr] |
j | English yes [jes] |
077 | [1-8], h₀ [2-8], [3-8], n [5-8], [6-8] |
ₒ | English sty [sₒaaƐ] |
| English tomorrow [umro] |
ₒ | English day [ₒƐi] |
n | English indeed [inₒiiₒ] |
h₀ | Mandarin xie xie [h₀iƐ h₀iƐ], (“thank you”). |
095 | t [1-10], [2-10], d [3-10], dh₀ [4-10], n [5-10] (PCON) |
t | Spanish, Italian, Hindi/Urdu tu [tuu], (“you”, singular). |
| Hindi/Urdu thaknaa [aknaa], (“to get tired”). |
d | Spanish dar [daar], (“to give”); Hindi/Urdu denaa [dƐnaa], (“to give”). |
| Hindi/Urdu dhonaa [onaa], (“to wash”). |
n | Spanish andar [aandaar], (“to walk”); Hindi/Urdu andar [andar], (“inside, interior”). |
100 | t.. [1-11], d.. [3-11] |
| Arabic kitab [kiƆb], (“book”). |
| Arabic kidab [kiƆb], (“henna”). |
109 | p [1-15], phₒ [2-15], b [3-15], bhₒ [4-15], m [5-15] |
117 | w [28-15] |
p | English spy [spₒaaƐ] |
ph₀ | English put [pₒuₒ], Hindi/Urdu phal (“fruit”) [ph₀al] |
b | English bit [biₒ] |
bh₀ | Hindi/Urdu bhook [ph₀uuk], (“hunger”). |
m | English met [meₒ] |
w | English wet [weₒ] |
093 | s [6-9], z [7-9] |
s | English sit [siₒ] |
z | English zombie [zmbi] |
107 | f [6-13], v [7-13] |
f | English fat, fit [fƆₒ, fiₒ] |
v | English vein [vƐin] |
060 | [30-5], ₒ [30-5F] | |
084 | r [8-8], rh [11-8], rr [12-8] | |
| (American) English purchase [pₒqchₒƐs] | |
ₒ | Tamil pazham பழம் [paoam], (“fruit”). | |
r | Spanish pero [pero], (“but”); Hindi/Urdu karo [karo], (“do!” (command)) | |
rr | Spanish perro [perro], (“(male) dog”). | |
088 | l [31-8] | |
[31-5] | ||
l | English lit [liₒ] | |
| Tamil pallam பள்ளம் [paam], (“hole”). | |
hₒ | Aspiration | e.g. [p] (unaspirated) (as in Hindi/Urdu pal, “an instant”) [pal] vs. [phₒ] (aspirated) (as in Hindi/Urdu phal, “fruit”) [phₒal] |
h₀ | Fricatization | e.g. [t] (dental plosive) (as in Spanish, Italian, Hindi/Urdu tu [tuu], “you (singular)”) vs. [th₀] (dental or interdental fricative) (as in English thin) [th₀in]] |
| Unvoiced + Voiced | e.g. [b] (e.g. Mandarin bu also articulated pu [bu], “no, not”) |
n₀, m₀, ~ | Nasalization | as in Portuguese São [Sã or San₀ or Sam₀] (“saint”) |
. | Flap/tap | e.g. Hindi/Urdu doobnaa [uubnaa] (“to drown”) vs. Hindi/Urdu [ka.ak] (“tough, hard, brittle”) |
.. | Pharyngeal or uvular or “faucal” variant | e.g. English sky [skaaƐ] vs. Arabic qalb [k..alb] (“heart”) |
| Click, ingressive | e.g. English “tsk tsk” [tt] (indication of disapproval or negativity); e.g. common sound to urge on horses, the “giddyap” click [lll] (repeated). |
vw | Can be articulated either as [v] or as [w], e.g. Hindi/Urdu van, wan [vwan], “forest, wood” | |
xr | Can be articulated either as trilled [rrr] or as uvular or velar fricative [x.] or [x] (whether voiced or unvoiced e.g. Parisian French rien (“nothing”) [xrien₀ or xrie~]. |
001 | q [2(2)(1)], qq [2(2)(1)], a [2(2)(3)], aₒ [2(2)(3)], aa [2(2)(4)], aaₒ [2(2)(4)] |
007 | i [1(1)(1)], ii [1(1)(1)], u [3(3)(1)], uu [3(3)(1)] |
011 | ₒ [2(4)(-1)], [2(4)(2)], [2(5)(2)], ₀ [2(7)(2)], r [PCON-8], l [2(9)(2)], [2(11)(2)] |
081 | m₀m₀ [2(12)(2)], n₀n₀ [2(13)(2)] |
20 | Ɛ [1(1)(2)], ƐƐ [1(1)(2)], e [1(1)(3)], ee [1(1)(3)], Ɔ [1(1)(4)], ƆƆ [1(1)(4)] |
26 | y [3(1)(1)], yy [3(1)(1)], o/ [3(1)(2)], o// [3(1)(3)] |
30 | o [3(3)(3)], oo [3(3)(3)], [3(3)(4)], [3(3)(4)] |
034 | [1-1], h [6-1], h.. [6-2] |
037 | k.. [1-3], k..hₒ [2-3], g.. [3-3], n.. [5-3], x.. [6-3], .. [7-3] |
043 | k [1-4], khₒ [2-4], g [3-4], ghₒ [4-4], nₒ [5-4], x [6-4], [7-4] |
050 | [1-5], th₀ [2-5], [3-5], [4-5], [5-5], h₀ [6-5], h₀ [7-5], . [8-5], hₒ [9-5], . [10-5] |
060 | [30-5], ₒ [30-5F], [31-5] |
063 | [1-6], [3-6], [5-6], h₀ [6-6], ₀ [7-6] |
068 | c [1-7], chₒ [2-7], [3-7], [4-7], [5-7], sh₀ [6-7], zh₀ [7-7] |
075 | j [28-7], [31-7] |
077 | [1-8], tth₀ [2-8], [3-8], [4-8] n [5-8], hₒ [6-8], h₀ [7-8] |
084 | r [8-8], rh [11-8], rr [12-8], rrh₀ [13-8] (***) |
088 | l [31-8], lhₒ [32-8] |
090 | lh₀ [33-8], lj [34-8], l.. [35-8] |
093 | s [6-9], z [7-9] |
095 | t [1-10], [2-10], d [3-10], dh₀ [4-10], n [5-10] (PCON) |
100 | t.. [1-11], d.. [3-11], th₀.. [6-11] |
103 | dh₀.. [7-11], th₀ [6-12], dh₀ [7-12], [31-12] |
107 | f [6-13], v [7-13] |
109 | p [1-15], phₒ [2-15], b [3-15], bhₒ [4-15], m [5-15], ph₀ [6-15], bh₀ [7-15], ph₀ph₀ [12-15] |
117 | w [28-15], w° [28-15b] |
(***) | rₒ [30-8], placed here, is very rare, so not used. |
119 | pₒ [PCON-1], (aspirate + non-aspirate), p [PCON-2] (unvoiced + voiced), kh [PCON-3] (stop + fricative) |
122 | ph [PCON-4] (stop + forward fricative) |
123 | b [PCON-5] (stop + semi-vowel), vw [PCON-6] (semi-vowel + forward fricative), ttr [PCON-7] (stop + flap) |
126 | xr [PCON-10] [((trill + flap + semi-vowel) in alveolo-dental artition) + (uvular fricative)] |
127 | a= [PCON-15] Denotes a “mobile, generic” vowel where choice of vowel does not appear to matter, e.g. in some Semitic and Chinese languages. |
(PCON-11 to PCON-14, PCON-16, PCON-17 not in alphabetical order since they are very rare.) |
128 | k..k.. [17-3], k [14-4], kk [17-4], k’ [24-4], g” [27-4] |
133 | [14-5], [15-5], n₀ [16-5], [17-5] |
141 | [14-8], d [15-8], n₀ [16-8] |
144 | l [18-8], [2-5], ln₀ [20-8] |
147 | [22-8], l [23-8] |
149 | ’ [24-8], dt” [27-8] |
151 | s’ [25-9], t [14-10], [22-10], l [23-10], t” [27-10] |
156 | f’ [25-13], p [14-15], p [1-6], p’ [24-15], b’ [27-15] |