[NAVLIPI letter given in red with yellow highlight]
Some other non-vowels:
k.. Uvular k–sound of Arabic (ق) usually written as q in Latin transcription, e.g. in Qoran
t.., d.. dental sounds of Arabic (respectively ط and ض in Arabic, sometimes written as ṭ and ḍ , respectively, in Latin transliteration). (These are called “pharyngealized” or “faucal” dental sounds.)
Other nasals:
nₒ (velar nasal Dewanaagari ङ , as in English king.)
η (palatal nasal Dewanaagari ञ, as in English inch.)
tthᵩ alveolar fricative sound of Mandarin, commonly x in Latin transcription (hs in Taiwan), e.g. xie xie (谢谢 , “thank you”)
: (विसर्ग of Hindi). Sound as in the apostrophe in Hawai’i (This is the “glottal stop”.)
Examples of other phonemic*** renditions:
xr for both “throaty-r” and “rolled-r” in (Parisian) French and (Hochdeutsch) German, since substituting one for the other doesn’t change the meaning of a word in these languages.
pₒ for both p and pho sounds of English (as in the British or American, but not Indian, pronunciation of put), since substituting one sound for the other doesn’t change the meaning of a word in English.
ttₒ for both t and tho sounds of English (as in the British or American, but not Indian, pronunciation of ten), since substituting one for the other doesn’t change the meaning of a word in English.
Examples of other qualifiers placed after the letter they qualify:
z (letter zwith strikethrough) indicates a click. Clicks are found in languages of South Africa, but also articulated in languages like English. Thus the giddyap sound used to goad horses is written in NAVLIPI as lz, since it is an l-sound, but with a clicking noise. Similarly, the “tsk tsk” sound is written in NAVLIPI as tztz since it is a t-sound, but with a clicking noise.