2. BASICS OF NAVLIPI

Remember that NAVLIPI is a phonemic orthography and universal orthography, a phonemic alphabet and universal script; it uses the Latin alphabet as used for English, but with the letters used more phonetically, in their original phonetic sense in Latin or as in modern Spanish, rather than the most-unphonetic English! Also note that NAVLIPI, attempting to be a universal alphabet, does use and distinguish between upper-case (capital) letters and lower case (small) letters, unlike most of the Indian alphabets, which do not. 

2.1 Long VOWELS:

2.2 Some common VOWELS which are used a bit differently from how they are used in English or Spanish:

• a as in English but, Hindi अ.
• aa as in English father, Hindi आ.
• q as in English about, 2^nd vowel in Hindi यन्त्र.  (This is an example of NAVLIPI re-purposing a letter redundant in the Latin alphabet; phoneticists call this the schwa.)
• e as in English bet; but long form ee  as in English fair, vowel in Hindi है. 
• ε (Greek Epsilon, one of the letters borrowed from Greek) as in English gray, Hindi ए, Spanish que. 
• Ω (Greek Omega, another of the letters borrowed from Greek), as in English ball, vowel in Hindi कौन. 
• ɔ (inverted-c) as in English Jack, vowel in Hindi मै. (This is a rare example of NAVLIPI transforming a Roman letter– here inverting it.)
• y as in French tu, German ȕber. (This is another example of NAVLIPI re-purposing a letter redundant in the Latin alphabet.)
• o// as in French feuille; 
• o/ as in German schön. 

2.3 Some common NON-VOWELS (consonants) which are used a bit differently from how they are used in Spanish or English:

In attempting to be a true world alphabet, a world orthography, NAVLIPI addresses non-vowels in very diverse languages, as the following illustrate:

• j English yes Hindi य. (This is of course the original pronunciation of the later-Latin j, still used in German, Dutch, Polish, etc.)
• ƪ (inverted-j) English Jack Hindi ज. (This is another example of NAVLIPI inverting a Roman letter.)
• c Spanish chica Hindi च . (This of course also represents current Italian usage.)
• Aspiration (महाप्राण): Add h_o to letter aspirated. So k (Hindi क) p (Hindi प), become kh_o (ख) ph_o  (फ).   
• Fricatization (hissing sound): 
  
  • Add h₀.  Thus, dental non-vowels t (as in Spanish tu) and d (as in Spanish dos) become, respectively, the corresponding dental fricatives th₀ (as in English think) and dh₀ (as in English then). 
  • Fricatives which have their own letters in NAVLIPI: 
    
    • x  for the velar unvoiced fricative (Scots loch, Hindi/Faarsi  ख्वाब). 
    •  ƹ  for the voiced velar fricative, as in Hindi/Faarsi ग.म . Arabic    (babaƹa, “parrot”).  
    • sh₀  English shoot, Hindi श; 
    • zh₀ English pleasure. 
• “Rolled” or “trilled” vs. semivowel r-sounds: The most common <emr-sounds in Spanish, Hindi, etc., and also some dialects in other languages (e.g. Quebecois French), are “rolled” or “trilled”, whereas those in English etc. are generally semivowel or even vowel (vocalic) sounds. To distinguish these from the semivowels, NAVLIPI simply uses the double letter, rr for the “rolled” or “trilled” sound and the single letter r, for the semivowel sound. [It uses an entirely different letter, ȓ, for the purely vowel (purely vocalic) r-sound (Dewanaagari ऋ) which is found as a different, distinct phoneme in Indian and other languages; see below under the Indian Subcontinent discussion.]

2.4 Some common NON-VOWELS (consonants) specific to particular languages or language groups:

• Languages of the Indian Subcontinent: 
  
  • Retroflex (मूर्धन्य) non-vowels (ट, ठ, ड, ढ, ण) are written in NAVLIPI as t, th_o, d, dh_o, ր . These are all transformed letters. 
  • For flaps (also called taps), add dot (.), exactly as in Dewanaagari. Thus ट. ड. ण. become t.  d.  ր. .
  • Vowel (“vocalic”) r-sound (ऋ):  written as ȓ . This is distinguished from the standard, “rolled” or “trilled” r-sound, which is written in NAVLIPI as rr (see above). But this sound is also found in American English, e.g. in bird. 
  • Wisarga (विसर्ग) (which is actually the glottal stop), is written in NAVLIPI as a colon (:) 
  • Diphthongs ऐ, औ, if actual diphthongs, written in NAVLIPI as aaε, aau respectively.  [But note that these are frequently pronounced as vowels ( cf. Hindi  मै,  है , कौन) ]
  • Retroflex Tamil l-like sound (ழ, written as zh in Latin transcription of Tamil), is written in NAVLIPI as ⱡ (or, alternatively, r) 
• Arabic: 
  
  • Unvoiced uvular k-sound, written as q in Latin transcription (e.g. as in Quraan, Qutb): written in NAVLIPI as k.. (i.e. with double dots, e.g. K..urraan, K..utb).  
  • Pharyngealized (“faucal”) dental t-, d- sounds, written in NAVLIPI as t.., d..  (i.e. with double dots).  
• Mandarin:
  
  •  4 standard tones: Placed after syllable having tone. (NOTE: These are the leftmost four keys in the top row in the 3^rd Navlipi keyboard for mobiles; see keyboards presented elsewhere in this PRIMER.): 
    
    • | (1^st Mandarin tone, high and level.)
    • ⌡(2^nd  Mandarin tone,  rising.)
    • ⌠ᴗ  (3^rd  Mandarin tone, falling-rising.) 
    •  ┌   (4^th   Mandarin tone, falling.)
  • hs-sound (x in Latin transcription, as in Xie Xie, “thank you”, or Xinhua (the news agency): written in NAVLIPI as th₀ , to reflect that it is the fricative (h₀) of the retroflex dental (t). 
  • Some illustrative examples in Mandarin: 
    
    • “Thank you”:  Latin transcription xie4 xie4 ni3 (numbers denote tones). Chinese transcription 谢谢你.  NAVLIPI transcription th₀ie┌   th₀ie┌  nii⌠ᴗ.
    • “Eat”: Latin transcription chi1 fan4 (numbers denote tones). Chinese transcription 吃饭.  NAVLIPI transcription ci|  faan┌. 
• Select African languages: 
  
  • “Velarized” bilabials are written in NAVLIPI as kp, gb. E.g. Igbo. 
  • Initial nasals are written in NAVLIPI as n₀₀, m₀₀. E.g. names Ngoma, Mbeki written in NAVLIPI as N₀₀gomaa, M₀₀bƐki . 

2.5 General NAVLIPI usage applicable to ALL languages:

• r-sounds, generally, (as briefly noted above): 
  
  • Standard, “rolled” or “trilled” r-sound, as articulated in most languages of the world, is written in NAVLIPI as rr (i.e. with double-letters). 
  • Semivowel r-sound as in American English, Irish and Mandarin, is written in NAVLIPI as r (i.e. with single letter). 
  • Vowel (“vocalic”) r-sound, found in Indian and some Slavic languages, (Dewanaagari ऋ), written in NAVLIPI as ȓ .
  • Extra-trilled r-sound: Spanish distinguishes phonemically between the regular, “rolled” or “trilled” r-sound as in pero, “but” and an extra-trilled r-sound, as in perro, “dog”. This is easy enough to transcribe in NAVLIPI as rr (standard rolled sound) vs. rrr (extra-trilled sound), while maintaining the distinctions with the semivowel r-sound (simply r in NAVLIPI) and the vowel (“vocalic”) r-sound, written as ȓ in NAVLIPI. 

• Nasalization of a vowel is indicated in NAVLIPI in several ways: 
  
  • using the tilde symbol (~), placed after the vowel. 
  • using n₀ or m₀, placed after the vowel. 
  • The tilde (~) is preferred, as it is very distinct and much easier to use. 
  • Examples: French on is rendered in NAVLIPI as Ω~ or Ωn₀ or Ωm₀. Portuguese Saõ rendered in NAVLIPI as Saao~ or Saaon₀₀ . Hindi हां rendered in NAVLIPI as haa~ or haan_00.  
• “Flap” or “tap”: A “flap” or “tap” is when the tongue or other articulating organ makes light or fleeting rather than solid contact. In NAVLIPI, rendered with a dot following the letter. As illustrated for Indian Subcontinent languages above, and similar to its use in the Dewanaagari alphabet. 
• Uvularization and pharyngealization of a sound is indicated by taking the velar analogue and adding two dots after it, as shown for Arabic above (Q of Quraan, qutb, written in NAVLIPI as k..). 
• Tone indicators for tonal languages are placed after the syllable carrying the tone, as illustrated for Mandarin above. 
• Stress Accents, where important in proper pronunciation of a word, e.g. in Spanish, are expressed in NAVLIPI with the apostrophe, placed after the accented. E.g. Spanish aquí  is rendered in NAVLIPI as aakii’. 
• The Glottal Stop is rendered as a colon (:).  Thus English Cockney lo’ o’ money (“lot of money”) is rendered in NAVLIPI as LΩ:o  mani.
• Ingressive clicks, e.g. as found in South African languages such as !Xo, are rendered with z (letter z with strikethrough), placed after the sound being clicked. Thus, the sound used by horsemen or cattle drivers made with the side of the tongue (the “giddyap” sound) is rendered in NAVLIPI as lz (or Lz) and the English alveolar double click (“tsk tsk”) is rendered in NAVLIPI as ttz ttz (or just ttz ttz). 
• In general in NAVLIPI, most markers or indicators, e.g. for aspiration (h_o), fricatization (h₀) and click (z), are placed after the phonetic or phonemic element they are acting on. NAVLIPI calls these post-positional operators, or post-ops. 

2.6 PHONEMES: Some examples of their representation in NAVLIPI:

As a phonemic script, a phonemic alphabet, NAVLIPI handles phonemes in very different languages in a simple way. Some examples from diverse languages:

• Mandarin: 
  
  • For both the p- and b-sounds; written in NAVLIPI as b_∞. 
  • For both alveolar t and d-sounds written in NAVLIPI as d_∞
  • Example: “Apple”, ping2 guo3 (numbers denote tones), 苹果, written in NAVLIPI as b_∞i ⌡n_og   g_∞uo⌠ᴗ (including NAVLIPI tone marks).
• English: 
  
  • p_o for both p (unaspirated) and ph (aspirated) sounds, which are part (“allophones”) of the same phoneme in English; i.e. they have the same value, and interchanging them does not change the meaning of a word. 
  • tt_o for both alveolar t and th-sounds, which are again part of the same phoneme in English.
• Hindi/Urdu, several other North Indian languages:  
  
  • vw for both the v and w sounds. As is well known, in these languages, these two sounds are part of the same phoneme and have the same value; they can be freely interchanged without changing the meaning of a word. E.g., one can say van and wan and still be understood to mean “forest”. To convey this information, and accommodate this, NAVLIPI uses the diglyph vw. 
  • ph₈ for both f and ph-sounds. Again, in these languages, these two sounds are freely interchanged without changing the meaning of a word; as an example, one can say phal (फल) or fal (फ.ल) and still be understood to mean “fruit”.   In NAVLIPI, this word would be rendered ph₈al. 
• Standard French, Hochdeutsch (standard German):  
  
  • xr for both the “throaty-r” (uvular sound) and the “rolled-r” (or “trilled”) sounds, which are part of the same phoneme in these languages.  Thus, French rouler would be rendered in NAVLIPI as xrouler.  
• Tamil: 
  
  • Both dental t and th sounds written in NAVLIPI as t_o . Again, this is because Tamil doesn’t differentiate between aspirated (महाप्राण) and unaspirated (अल्पप्राण) sounds which are part of the same phoneme in Tamil; Tamil speakers frequently freely interchange and confuse the two. 
• Spanish: 
  
  • Spanish distinguishes phonemically between the regular, “rolled” or “trilled” r-sound as in pero, “but”, and an extra-trilled r-sound, as in perro, “dog”. This is easy enough to transcribe in NAVLIPI: As >rr (standard rolled sound) vs. rrr (extra trilled sound). This still maintains the distinctions with the semivowel r-sound (simply r in NAVLIPI) and the vowel (“vocalic”) r-sound, written as ȓ in NAVLIPI (see above).